To many despots, Sharp's works are threatening. The president of
Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, has denounced his books. In 2008, the Iranian
government produced an
animated video portraying Sharp as a CIA agent, hobnobbing in the White House with John McCain and George Soros.
According to a cable written by the US embassy in Damascus - and later
published by WikiLeaks - Syrian dissidents trained non-violent protesters by reading Sharp's writings. Another leaked
cable from 2007 revealed that Burmese authorities thought Sharp was part of an attempt to "bring down" the country's government.
He was jailed for protesting conscription in the Korean War in 1953,
witnessed China's Tianamen Square uprising in 1989, and snuck into a
rebel camp in Myanmar in the 1990s.
Now, a frail Sharp lives in an East Boston townhouse which is also home to his
Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organisation that studies non-violent resistance.
One of Sharp's main ideas is that power comes from the obedience of the
governed - and that if the sources of this obedience are undermined,
tyrants can be toppled. In a conversation with Al Jazeera's Roxanne
Horesh and Sam Bollier, a pragmatic Sharp tells us why dictators are
vulnerable to well-organised, non-violent resistance.
What first made you interested in non-violent struggle?
When I was an undergraduate at Ohio State University, the world was
just very much of a mess. The Second World War was fresh in our
memories; the atomic bomb was new. There was European colonialism all
over the world - Europeans thought they owned the rest of the world, so
they divided it among themselves.
There were major problems with violence. Violence was only destroying
things, it wasn’t creating things. People needed some means of
struggle. I was beginning to learn that there was such a thing as
non-violent struggle, but I didn’t know much about it. The literature
at that time was very inadequate.
You have been working in the field of non-violent resistance
for decades. How have your views evolved from your original research?
Originally I thought that in order to use non-violence, you had to
believe in non-violence as an ethic or religious principle, and later I
discovered that wasn’t true. And at first that was a psychological
threat - my goodness, they don’t believe like they are supposed to.
But also it was a great advantage, because people didn’t have to be
pacifists before they could use this kind of resistance. And I learned
that this kind of resistance has been going on sometimes for centuries.
Ordinary people could do this - and did this in various parts of the
world.
Why do you think non-violent resistance is more effective than violent resistance?
Violence is not all that effective, if you think how long many wars
last and how every war is lost by one side or the other. Wars are one
of the major factors that made European colonialism possible.
There were cases [of non-violent resistance] where people like Gandhi -
he was challenging the largest empire the world had ever seen, and made
the British get out of India. There are a lot of examples. But we
didn’t know a lot about those types of resistance.
You have said that military people understand you better than peace people do. Can you expand on what you mean?
This was a surprise at first. Sometimes I would get invited to speak to
a pacifist group, and they would always give me a hard time because I
was talking about pragmatic non-violent struggle, and they were talking
about believing in non-violence as an ethical principle.
But when I spoke to a military audience, they understood this, because
they knew strategy and tactics. The military people really took it much
more seriously. That’s been true in several different countries where I
met with military people. And it’s true today: My 1973 book The Politics of Nonviolent Action was reviewed very favourably in military journals in several countries. It’s not what people would expect.
You've written a lot about the importance of strategy and
long-term planning for non-violent struggles to succeed. In this
regard, what are your thoughts on the Occupy Wall Street movement?
They don’t have any specific demands or a clear objective. It is not
like a bus boycott in Alabama, for example, many years ago - where
people would just walk, or hitchhike, or take taxis instead of using
the busses. They had a clear objective: to break down the segregation
on the buses.
The [Occupy] protesters don’t have a clear objective, something they
can actually achieve. If they think they will change the economic
system by simply staying in a particular location, then they are likely
to be very disappointed. Protest alone accomplishes very little.
What advice would you give to the Occupy movement?
I think they need to study how they can actually change the things they
don’t like, because simply sitting or staying in a certain place will
not change or improve the economic or political system.
The Arab Spring movements in some countries have become
violent. Do you think this turn to violence will damage efforts to move
away from dictatorial systems in those countries?
Absolutely. We know that from other cases. For example, the 1905
revolution [in Russia] that was trying to get rid of the Tsarist
dictatorship. People there were on the verge of complete success. The
army was on the verge of mutiny. Lots of soldiers had refused to obey
orders to shoot non-violent people, similar to the situation in Syria.
Non-violent means will increase your chances of the soldiers refusing
to obey orders. But if you go over to violence, the soldiers will not
mutiny. They will be loyal to the dictatorship and the dictatorship
will have a good chance to survive, as indeed happened in the 1905
revolution. [The revolution] could have succeeded very quickly at that
time, but then the Bolsheviks deliberately changed the non-violent
general strike to a violent uprising. That meant the soldiers, for the
first time in a long time, did obey orders. And then that gave the Tsar the ability to maintain the repression, and maintain the system for another 12 years.
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| The Albert Einstein Institution has just two staff members: Sharp and executive director Jamila Raqib [Photo: How to Start a Revolution] |
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You've said that leadership is important in non-violent
struggles. But if we look at, for instance, Egypt, or Iran in 1979,
there was not one clear leader early on. Can non-violent struggle be
successful without a leader?
It can, and it has been at times. But in those cases, people need to
understand what makes this succeed, and what makes it fail.
If they have no strong leader, this can be an advantage at times,
because then the regime cannot really control the situation by
arresting or killing off the leadership.
But if you are going to do it without leaders, you have to do that
skillfully, and know what you’re doing. If you spread information about
what is required, and have a list of “do this, and not that”, and
everybody understands that, the struggle can have greater chances of
success. If you don’t have that basic understanding of what you’re
doing, then you’re not going to win anything.
Since the Egyptian revolution, the media has linked the Egyptian uprising to your work. What are your thoughts on this?
I think if my work had an influence, I’m happy for that. I don’t claim
that and I don’t have hard evidence, and I claim very little for
myself. Other people have been doing this kind of work, and doing this
writing.
The people who actually do the struggles are the ones who deserve the credit, not me.
What do you think of the fact that your book From Dictatorship to Democracy is on the Muslim Brotherhood website for years?
I am honoured. Some of the bravest people waging non-violent struggle
have been Muslims. One of my books had an introduction by Abdul Rahman
Wahid, who headed at the time the largest Muslim organisation in the
world. Back in the days of Gandhi, in the northwest frontier province
of British India, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a very brave, very
sophisticated and very astute Muslim leader of non-violent struggle,
led a movement there. Gandhi said that the leadership of the Muslim
movement in the northwest frontier exceeded that of the Hindus in India.
People are dispelling some of these ridiculous stereotypes about Muslims, and people in some other parts of the world.
Have you learned anything from people involved in non-violent struggle?
Oh, I try to learn whenever I can - because what they have done sometimes people would have thought impossible.
They have proved that it’s possible for ordinary people to maintain
non-violent discipline, maintain their courage, to continue the
struggle, despite the repression. As Gandhi always said, “Cast off
fear. Don’t be afraid”. I thought many times myself, that’s a bit
naïve. The British had the guns and the army.
But the people of Syria especially, and other countries as well,
certainly in Egypt and Tunisia and on down the line - all of them -
they have been very brave. And that bravery is something that deserves
major credit. They’re the ones who actually do the job.
Who do you think some of the great thinkers of resistance are today?
I’m not sure. Sometimes people are really very important in leading
these movements, but they sometimes don’t get the credit they often
deserve. They are not as famous as Gandhi was in his lifetime. But this
is not a bad thing, if people learn that they can do this and the
knowledge that people power is powerful.
One struggle doesn’t always do the job; sometimes you have to have two
or three or four or five struggles in succession. It’s like in a war.
How many years did the Second World War last, for example? Wars are not
won in the first attempt. Sometimes people lost the first battle. They
learned they had to strengthen themselves, [learned] what was required
to become stronger and what was required to become more brave and not
to run away when they first got shot at, but they would charge ahead
skillfully.
What does the Albert Einstein Institution do today?
We do research on the nature of non-violent struggle, prepare
educational material, and guide translations - because if they don’t
translate something accurately, it’s going to mess things up badly -
and fill orders for all the continued interest from the new struggles.
What are your interests outside of your work?
I grow a variety of plants in my house, and in my backyard, and I have
a small dog. I used to have big dogs, Great Danes - three or four of
those - and they are great, wonderful creatures. Dogs and pets, and
animals, and plants and flowers and all those kinds of things - I
unwind my head that way.
