此拉萨非彼拉萨

按语：

这篇文章综合整理自刘鉴强的《拉萨，还会不会是圣城》及李多的《拉萨，圣城和都市之间》，原文是以汉人的视角来写的，认为拉萨的内涵在消失，不过更多的是汉人眼中的表象。

其实拉萨消失的不仅仅是藏民族特色的建筑和文物，更多的是藏文化的传承，这不是全球化的结果，是中共殖民的必然结果，原作者说八廓街一带的藏族小孩几乎没 有汉族邻居或朋友，他不知道的是，随着中共汉式教育的加强，现在还有多少藏族小孩能够坚持学习藏文，即便能够坚持的，也会因为高考而放弃，日常藏语中夹杂 着大量的汉语词汇，能够用藏文书写文章、博客的已经是凤毛麟角了。从这层意义讲，这比拉萨还是否是圣城更令人心忧！



这个比海面高出3658米，世界上最高的大城市，被称为雪域圣城，是全球最令人神往的地方之一，许多人带着梦想而去。

2006年7月1日，青藏铁路开通后，大批内地的汉人乘坐火车蜂拥而来，一副居高临下的神态，寻求自己眼中的“藏族特色”，从“江苏路”到“北京路”，布 达拉宫在丑陋的“现代化”高楼大厦之后慢慢显现出来，但是令他们失望的是“拉萨跟中国所有的城市一样，高楼大厦、车水马龙、废气噪声、商贩遍地”。

青藏铁路开通了，这是官员的政绩，他们骄傲的宣布拉萨的城市面积越来越大，城市人口越来越多，为了不给外界留下中共正在殖民化西藏，官员宣布西藏的藏汉比 例是1：11（藏族人口2716389，汉族人口245263），不管你信不信，反正他们信了。我曾去过曲米路，一个名字很藏式的小区，满以为这应该是藏 族人聚居的地方，但是从纵横（拉萨一个很有名的色情场所）对面的岔路口进去，放眼望去，几乎都成了河南人的天下了。也曾去过雪新村，看名字就知道也应该是 个藏族人聚居的地方（虽然加了个“新”字），但是几乎都成了出租客的地盘了，耳边随处可以听到四川话，如果不是布达拉宫雄伟的矗立在那里的话，你会以为自 己到了成都的小巷子里了。

布达拉宫给外来人以强烈的视觉冲击。1936年，作为英国使团成员进入拉萨的查普曼·斯宾塞(Chapman.F.S) 在他的《圣城拉萨》(The Holy City)中描述：“与世界上的其他建筑有所不同，布达拉宫既有纽约摩天大楼的神韵，也隐约与埃及建筑有某种联系……不仅布达拉宫的造型和色彩美得令人吃 惊，而且它体积巨大，在布达拉宫南面低处的政府公园可以最好地欣赏到这种巍峨壮丽的美。”

但对藏族人来说，这种冲击并不仅仅是视觉上的。嘎玛来自西藏昌都地区，他第一次到拉萨时，远远看见布达拉宫，眼泪都刹那间涌出来，一边哭，一边念经。这样 的经历，许多藏族人都有。在他们心中，布达拉宫并不仅仅是一座建筑，而是他们的信仰所在。布达拉宫对他们的冲击，绝不仅仅是视觉上的。拉萨之所以是“圣城 ”，并不是因为建筑，而是因为信仰。

但是，1959年之前，布达拉宫是一个庄严神圣的地方，现在，它成了一处旅游景点，我的另一位北京朋友，7月初乘火车去拉萨做社会调查。她进入布达拉宫， 令她印象最深刻的，不是建筑、文化和历史，而是一群群的游客，拥挤着，脚踩着脚，集体将布达拉宫木制梁柱踩在脚下，布达拉宫发出痛苦的呻吟声。“到处是蝗 虫一样的人群。”她感叹道。以前，为了保护布达拉宫，每天限制游客数量不超过850，在青藏铁路开通前，这一限制已放宽到1500人，铁路开通后，限客数 猛涨到2300人，每天为其管理者赚来大批金钱。

看看网友的评论吧，“都变了，人也在变！！！更可恶是到处都是色情场地，而又没有人管！还有所谓的太阳岛就是一个色情淫乱，赌博，吸毒之类的地方！圣地可不再是圣地了！”

拉萨到底还是不是圣地，你来说说吧。

转自《藏地故事》：http://tibetstory.blogspot.ca/2012/05/blog-post_22.html

发贴者 朱瑞

1937年西藏政府向英国使团颁发的珠峰攀登许可证

1937年1月1日，西藏政府噶厦在拉萨德西林卡向的英国使团颁发了关于允许英国人1938年攀登珠穆朗玛峰的许可证。这是经过双方的谈判之后达成的共识。

罗布顿朱Norbhu Dhondup正在阅读许可证，他本人长期担任拉萨贵族和英国人之间的翻译

罗布顿朱Norbhu Dhondup向英国人宣读登山许可，他本人长期担任拉萨贵族和英国人之间的翻译。

英文翻译官罗布顿朱Norbhu Dhondup和助理官索郎土登Sonam Tobden正在仔细阅读许可证上的说明。

英文翻译官罗布顿朱Norbhu Dhondup和助理官索郎土登Sonam Tobden正在向英国人展示许可证。

出席颁发仪式的西藏政府四个噶伦官员，还有站在树旁的大贵族擦荣。

许可证是藏文书写，凭此证英国人1938年可从西藏一侧登珠峰。

His Holiness talks about Peace and Religious Harmony in Salzburg

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May 22, 2012 9:20 am

Panelists Rabbi Mag Schlomo Hofmeister, Mag. Liuse Mueller, Archbishop Alois Kothgasser, His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Dr Fuat Sanac during an inter-faith dialogue on Harmony in Diversity in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

21 May 2012, Salzburg
As the sun caught the peaks of the mountains around the city, His Holiness drove to the Salzburg Arena, where he was received by the Governor Ms. Gabi Burgstaller. They exchanged views privately for several minutes before she escorted him into the hall where he was to address an audience convened by Alpine Peace Crossing, an NGO that holds a major event annually to mark the plight of refugees.
His Holiness began by saying, “When I meet people, I feel that as human beings we are just the same. We may have bigger or smaller noses or different coloured hair, but we 7 billion human beings are essentially the same. And now that we are so interdependent it seems to be out of date to think of this or that community as separate from the rest.” He expressed his admiration for the EU as an organization in which members keep their own identity, while taking account of their common interests. He said that we now face several challenges that cannot be solved unless we solve them together and cited the failure of the Copenhagen summit on climate change as an example of countries continuing to focus on their own narrow interests rather than the good of the world.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama greeting Ms Imtraut Wager, a long time supporter of Tibetan children in exile, before his address in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Nevertheless, we should not feel demoralized, because there is much to be optimistic about. His Holiness recalled meeting the British Queen Mother when she was 96 years old and had witnessed almost the entire twentieth century in her lifetime. In reply to his question about whether the world had become better or worse in that time, she replied without hesitation that it had improved, because, for example, when she was young there was no concept of human rights or self-determination.
Before opening the discussion of World Peace and Universal Responsibility Dr Michael Kerbler of ORF Radio called on those present to observe a minute’s silence in memory of Tibetans who have recently committed self-immolation in Tibet. Pressed to respond to these tragic incidents, His Holiness said that it is a very sensitive political issue and that he has devolved his political responsibilities to others. However, he said, we must look into the real cause of this tragedy. The stated aim of hard-liners in the Chinese communist leadership is to secure harmony in society, but the way they are going about it is both wrong and contradictory. Harmony cannot be achieved by force, it must be based on trust. The use of force arouses fear, which undermines trust. His Holiness suggested the Chinese authorities could adopt a more realistic approach, following Deng Xiao ping’s advice to seek truth from facts. But they would have to be real and objective facts, rather than official propagandist reports.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking on ‘World Peace and Universal Responsibility’ at an event organised by Alpine Peace Crossing in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

He recommended his listeners to go to Tibet to see for themselves what has happened there over the last fifty years or so, and to investigate why Tibetans harbour such resentment. While not wishing to politicize the meeting, he quoted a young Chinese who came to see him, who pointed out that when he went to Lhasa he saw Chinese soldiers doing military exercises right next to Tibetan pilgrims performing prostrations outside the Jokhang Temple. Similarly, where pilgrims circumambulate in a clockwise direction, the Chinese military march round the other way. In His Holiness’s informant’s view it is the Chinese authorities and their military forces who are the real “splittists” in Tibet. On the other hand, many impartial Chinese once properly informed are very sympathetic to Tibetans.
In a world where the trend is towards democracy, freedom, and freedom of speech, His Holiness said, countries like North Korea and China can drag their feet, but they cannot resist the trend forever. In China itself, 1.3 billion Chinese people have the right to know what is going on and the right to make decisions on that basis. Consequently, censorship is morally wrong. Censorship and distorted information must stop. Likewise, the Chinese judicial system must be raised to international standards. The rule of law must be established, because China belongs to the Chinese people, not to the communist party, just as the world belongs to humanity.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama greeting a group of children outside his hotel in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

While his translator was translating his words into German, His Holiness signed many books proffered by people in the audience. Outside his hotel a small group of young school-children broke into song as he approached them to say hello. As children of the twenty-first century he advised them to study well.
His Holiness invited Ms Irmtraut Wager and Alfred Stingl, former Mayor of Graz and his wife, to lunch. Ms Wager has worked long and hard to support the education of Tibetan children in exile. Afterwards he met Members of the Tibet Centre Advisory Board and commended their work. He advised that just as Christian brothers and sisters have done remarkable work for education around the world, what Buddhists may contribute is their understanding of how to develop peace of mind.

The Salzburg Arena, venue for events with His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

In the afternoon, His Holiness attended an inter-faith dialogue on Harmony in Diversity, moderated by Mrs. Doris Appel, with Archbishop Dr. Alois Kothgasser (Catholic), Mag. Luise Mueller (Protestant), Rabbi Mag. Schlomo Hofmeister (Judaist) and Dr. Fuat Sanac (Muslim). In his address, His Holiness drew attention to the example of India, where the world’s major religions ­ Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism ­ and indigenous traditions ­ Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism – live alongside each other in peace. The Zoroastrian or Parsee community are tiny in number and yet they have thrived in India.
He explained that although there are philosophical differences among our religious traditions, they all have the potential to help their followers to become more compassionate, better human beings. This is the ground for mutual respect that inspired His Holiness since 1975 to adopt three steps in his own quest to improve inter religious harmony: meeting with religious leaders and holding discussions with them; meeting with spiritual practitioners to exchange experiences and visiting other traditions’ sacred places and joining them in prayer.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with members of the Tibet Center Advisory Board in Salzburg, Austria, on 21 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

He advised, “It’s all right for an individual to think in terms of one truth and one religion, but when we think of the world at large, we must allow for several truths and several religions, mindful of the fact that the Buddha didn’t attempt to convert everyone when he was alive, any more than did Jesus or the Prophet Muhammad.” In conclusion, His Holiness noted that basic human affection precedes our adoption of religion, and that human affection is the ground for developing concern for others, which in turn is the key to leading a meaningful life.
Tomorrow, His Holiness will fly to Trieste, Italy, to attend an inter-faith programme and a meeting with scientists in Udine.
Report by Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama

达赖喇嘛尊者于1959年3月抵达印度

Governor thanks His Holiness for visit with Corinthian Gold Medal

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May 21, 2012 9:27 am

The Governor of Corinthia Gerhard Doerfle presents His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Corinthian Gold Medal in Klagenfurt, Austria, on 20 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Salzburg, Austria, 20 May 2012 – Arriving early at the Klagenfurt Hall this morning, His Holiness first addressed the community of about 350 Tibetans, mostly resident in Austria and Switzerland, who had gathered to meet him. He began by telling them, “We Tibetans, wherever we are, maintain our mental strength and keep a strong hold on our Tibetan identity as we need to do. In addition, we should always remember the Tibetans in Tibet and their strong determination too. They have no fear for themselves, but are devoted to the cause of Tibet.”
He remarked that prior to 1959, although there were spiritual links right across Tibet,  political unity was much weaker. However, due to the Chinese occupation, Tibetans now have a strong solidarity with each other. The robust sense of Tibetan identity that now prevails in Tibet and its bordering areas owes a great deal to the distinct spoken and written Tibetan language. This is something of which Tibetans can be proud. Tibetan literature contains, for example, profound explanations of the mind and its functions, because of which Tibetans can think of Tibetan Buddhism and its culture having a valued role in the world. Tibetan culture is also distinguished by its use of logic and epistemology to sharpen the mind. Although Buddhism came to China earlier than to Tibet, the Chinese do not have the range of books on philosophy and so forth that are found in Tibet.
His Holiness spoke of how Tibetan Buddhist culture is characterized by kindness and compassion for others. He recounted the story of a Tibetan he met in the USA, who worked in a factory processing vegetables. He told His Holiness that whenever he could, he would rescue insects he found in the vegetables, set them aside and later take them outside. His co-workers asked what he was doing and after he had explained Tibetan culture’s reverence for all living beings, they gradually began to do the same.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking to members of the Tibetan community in Klagenfurt, Austria, on 20 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

“We say the Chinese are destroying our culture, but it’d be contradictory if we who live in free countries did nothing to preserve it,” His Holiness said, and explained that an important way to do this is to make sure young Tibetans can speak, read and write in their own language. One of the reasons the Chinese authorities deliberately try to suppress the Tibetan language is that they understand the important role it has in preserving the Tibetan identity. And this is also the reason why schools were urgently established soon after Tibetans first arrived in India.
Regarding his devolution of political authority to the elected leadership last year, His Holiness made clear that it was not a new idea. As early as 1951 and 1952 he had attempted to introduce such reforms in Tibet, but he was obstructed by the Chinese who wanted to change things in their own way. Since the election of Tibetan leaders in 2001, His Holiness has been semi-retired, so he was proud last year, with Samdhong Rinpoche beside him, to hand the Seal of the Tibetan Government that he had received at the age of 16 from Tagtrag Rinpoche to Kalon Tripa, Lobsang Sangay. He said, “Our democratic system has two purposes: to ensure the future of the Tibetan cause, but also to show the Chinese what we can do.” He pointed out that the Ganden Phodrang had existed as the Office of the Dalai Lamas before becoming the government of Tibet and that he had now restored it to its former status.
His final advice to the assembled Tibetans was, “Have a happy mind.”

Members of the Tibetan community from Austria and nearby European countries listening to His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Klagenfurt, Austria, on 20 May 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Opening his talk about the Art of Happiness, he said he would talk about how to lead a happy life in a secular context. He clarified that he uses secular according to the Indian tradition, not disdaining religion, but viewing all religious traditions with respect in a more pluralistic way. As human beings we all want to live our lives free from disturbances, indeed we all have a right to a happy life. But we need to have a realistic method to achieve our goal. We need to take a long-term view and pay attention to our inner values. Warm-heartedness is essential and is something we are equipped with from infancy. It yields a calm mind and self-confidence, which means we can act openly, honestly and transparently, free from anxiety, fear and suspicion. His Holiness concluded, “I find this useful, try it yourselves and if it makes sense, put it to use. If it makes no sense to you, then just forget it!”
His Holiness thanked the organizers of the events in Klagenfurt and the Governor, Gerhard Doerfler, who he acknowledged had come to see him every day he had been there. He praised the Governor’s smile and the sincere warmth in his eyes. In his turn, the Governor thanked His Holiness for coming to his state and offered him the Carinthian Gold Medal.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Klagenfurt Mayor Christian Scheide and Corinthia Governor Gerhard Doerfle during their boat trip to Portschach am Worthersee, Austria, on 20 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

From the Klagenfurt Hall His Holiness and his party accompanied the Governor to the Klagenfurt Boatyard where they boarded a motor yacht to ride the length of the Wörthersee to Portschach am Wörthersee for lunch. Afterwards, Mrs. Doris Appel interviewed His Holiness, asking him several questions of religious interest, for ORF TV. At the end, she asked who or what he prayed to and he replied that he prays to the Buddha, of course, but mostly in meditation he reflects on the Buddha’s teaching, especially about the nature of reality, applying analysis to it and considering it from various angles. That is what he finds really useful.
At Klagenfurt Airport, His Holiness boarded an aircraft for a short flight over forested mountains to Salzburg, where he was warmly received by the Governor Ms. Gabi Burgstaller. He gave two further television interviews at the airport, the second of which focussed on his recollections of Heinrich Harrer and Peter Aufschnaiter, the two Austrians who had first sparked his interest in Europe and technology. He said Harrer had told him that his seven years in Tibet were the best years of his life, that he proved to be a true friend to Tibet until his death and that his spirit survives in the warm friendship His Holiness continues to have with the people of Austria.
Met by faithful Tibetans and other well-wishers at the door of his hotel, His Holiness retired for the night.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Klagenfurt Mayor Christian Scheide and Corinthia Governor Gerhard Doerfle during their boat trip to Portschach am Worthersee, Austria, on 20 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Doris Appel head of the Relgion Department of ORF-TV, interviews His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Klagenfurt, Austria, on 20 May 2012/Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

【译者访谈】：罗伯特·巴内特教授回答读者汇问（关于藏人自焚等）

来源：唯色博客

核心提示：最近四川及其周边的藏区很不平静，从去年3月到现在，共有三十多名藏人自焚。我们前段时间译介了哥伦比亚大学现代藏学研究所所长罗伯特·巴内特（Robert Barnett ）教授的两篇文章，讲述他对自焚藏人和藏区整体情况的看法。

藏学专家罗伯特·巴内特推荐五本关于西藏的书

《亚洲社会》罗伯特·巴内特谈为什么藏人要自焚

我们有幸从读者中收集到五个问题，向巴内特提问。谢谢各位关注我们这次汇问的读者，也感谢罗比。下面是读者的问题和巴内特教授的答复：

1. a) 请问教授您是否认为如果达赖想要返回中国，则他对十一世班禅的­立场就构成了双方谈判的一大障碍，您认为应如何解决这一难题？ 

如果你指的是目前在北京的中国官方班禅大师，他的地位和称号对中国政府来说是非常重要的"面子"问题，因为他们选择并认定了他。这尤其复杂，可能会令人尴 尬，因为他们使用了强权。阿嘉仁波切在他逃离中国之前曾经深深地卷入这些事件，根据阿嘉仁波切自传中的描述，他们可能还用了点欺骗。 [英文，中文介绍] 达赖喇嘛选定的灵童被大多数藏人接受，1995年被迫"失踪"，再也没有出现过。这是双方一次严重的事件，如你所言，我们认为一般来说，中国会试图强迫藏人接受目前的安排。

这个问题是否困难取决于中方，因为对于藏人来说，这一问题不难解决。在西藏文化中，某个喇嘛常常可以有多个转世。在这些情形中，藏族传统上有些解决方法， 例如，给两位灵童不同的称号。在一些例子中，他们可以说，一位活佛可以转世为"心"和"意"两个化身。或者，他们可以允许另一位转世灵童继续传法给他自己 的信徒，而无需政府干预。这和十世班禅大师的情况类似 —— 在20世纪30年代，拉萨有另外一名灵童，中国希望认定他们自己的灵童。在1951年和北京的谈判中，西藏政府被迫接受北京的灵童，但是拉萨的灵童被认为 是"候补班禅（Panchen Outrul)"，直到今日，他还有很多学生，也受到尊重（他现在居住在爱尔兰。http://www.jampaling.org/rinpoche.html）

按照藏族习俗，解决转世问题的困难部分在于哪位灵童被认定拥有"拉让"，前一代喇嘛的个人资产。在班禅大师的例子中，他的主寺在日喀则扎什伦布。因此，这 可能需要两方来讨论和解决。但是这更可能是个实践的问题。类似的，双方将讨论中国的班禅大师是否会在新的西藏政府拥有官方职位。如果中方坚持他们的班禅喇 嘛必须在政协继续其职位，藏人应该不会反对；每个人都知道这个职位是个花瓶，没什么实际权力。但是在西藏历史上，没什么规则或习俗说班禅大师必须在西藏政 府中担任显赫政治职位。事实上，我没听说过班禅大师在西藏有什么政府或国家职位，直到1951年，毛泽东创造性地重建了西藏政府制度，坚持班禅大师担任政 治职位。国民党曾经试图辩称，班禅大师在西藏承担着重要的政治角色，1950年之后，西北军政委员会也持类似的观点，但是这只是中国对西藏政治的干涉，与 西藏实际情况无关。

在这一事件中，藏人一方肯定会坚持失踪的班禅大师，由达赖喇嘛认定并得到多数人认可的那位，被认定为高级喇嘛，只要他自己不反对，也许拥有一个稍微不同的 称号。如果双方想解决班禅大师的争议，他们可以为两位转世找到合适的宗教称呼。这样双方都有面子，相应的，藏人可能会同意中国一方给他们的班禅大师稍高的 官方地位，也许有个修改的名号。

所以，这和其他的中国-西藏问题一样：如果双方真的有政治意愿，他们能够找到方法，轻松解决。但是这儿存在一些问题，法律的角度和习俗的角度不同。中国政 府倾向于按照严格的法律框架讨论藏族宗教、风俗和政治。这一角度不被大多数历史学家支持，因为实际上，这些系统高度灵活、可谈判且可变。因此，中国说，活 佛转世必须按照法律规定来决定，而藏人用一些佛教仪式和模糊的传统风俗，这样在幕后更容易适应不同情况。这是双方冲突的重要缘由之一。如果你要为这些争端 找到有意义的解决方案，你需要检视历史、宗教和习惯，用风俗来治理而不是严格的法律，这样你相对容易找到妥协方案。

我认为我们应该记住，我们需要提醒中国政府，这些事情并不总是决定于政府或政客们。在有关喇嘛转世的争端中，公众观点非常重要，甚至是决定性的；法律法规 在这些争端中没什么用。过去，直到现在，西藏政府无法按照自己的意愿决定这些事情，它无法强迫人民相信他们不同意的事情。它也不得不考虑舆论。西藏有关转 世的纠纷大多如此。在班禅转世这件事上，如你所知，大多数藏人看起来只接受达赖喇嘛认定的班禅转世。但是大多数也认为，中国的班禅转世也是另外一个非常重 要的喇嘛的转世。因此，他们仍然自动地尊重他，可能接受一个妥协方案，例如调整他的名号。

b) 附带请教，您认为达赖转世选出的最好方式是什么？（我的意思是指­，如果新达赖完全没有中国政府的认可，可能连现在的谈判都无法进­行了，毕竟中国一直说谈的是达赖的私人问题）

下一世达赖喇嘛转世一定会给中藏双方带来复杂的斗争，除非在现世达赖喇嘛过世之前就有某种协议，中国政府和境内藏人之间也不得安宁。中国说，只有它才能选择并认定达赖喇嘛转世（2007年，中国通过了《藏传佛教活佛转世管理办法》，中国日报的英文报道。）；但是达赖喇嘛说，决定如何寻访他的转世，这是他个人的职责（达赖喇嘛的正式声明：英文版，中文版）， 他的论点是基于风俗和传统。如果中国坚持法律的方式，它将不得不使用武力，他无法得到藏人的普遍支持：在宗教事务上，人们遵从习俗，听取他们的佛教上师的 建议，而不是法律或者政府的命令。大多数文化都是如此，我们可以看到，奥巴马总统无法劝说美国的基督教原教旨主义者为其雇佣的非基督教女性支付医疗保险。 因此，除非达成协议，达赖喇嘛的转世会造成严重的纠纷—— 会出现两位15世达赖喇嘛，就像现在有两位班禅大师一样。

谈判的问题则有些不同。中国官员在公开场合总是很强硬，但是他们私底下不一定相信。如果他们认为这对他们或者对中国有帮助，他们会改变。因此，他们说他们 仅讨论达赖喇嘛的个人前途问题，但是有时他们也和藏人代表讨论西藏自治的事情；他们只是说，他们不会这样做。类似的，未来，他们也许说他们只讨论下一世达 赖喇嘛的个人地位问题，但是我想，实践中，他们也会想讨论噶玛巴的个人前途问题。如果他们真的想继续谈判，他们会找到办法。例如，甚至在下一世达赖喇嘛长 大之前，他们会与他的代表洽谈。所以，达赖喇嘛过世后，如果谈判继续，这也不是不可能的事。但是，这也不是很可能。实际情况下，一旦达赖喇嘛过世，和流亡 藏人的谈判可能就没了，或者没什么用，除非噶玛巴成为主要角色。

但是我们得记住，流亡藏人可能不会总是和中国谈判或争端的主要参与方；他们现在之所以重要是因为达赖喇嘛和噶玛巴。人们总是忘记，流亡藏人政治只是整体藏 人政治的一小部分。对于中国而言，重要的政治挑战来自于西藏境内，如果有没有流亡藏人，他们都存在。实际上，如果达赖喇嘛过世，他们可能会更强硬；可能是 因为达赖喇嘛对西藏境内的政治有些缓和作用，但是我们在一段时间内无法知道。现在没人有达赖喇嘛那样的魅力和支持度，但是，一旦他过世，西藏境内可能出现 新的领导者。比起流亡藏人，他们对中国知之甚多，他们可能会给中国带来大不一样的挑战。一旦如此，政府将会碰到和内地不一样的挑战，情况大不相同，因为内 地的人们并不团结。

2. 我很关心中国民主转型与西藏（其实也包括新疆）未来的关系，在中­国，很多人相信，中国民主之日，也就是藏疆独立之时，不知您怎么­看民主化与民族国家之维持统一的关系？

对于这个问题，学者和活动分子有着不同的观点。首先，我们应考虑有意义的自治，而不是独立。一些评价家认为，中国的民主改革会创建一个制度，藏族、维吾尔 族和其他少数民族会在中国内部得到某种自治，允许他们心安理得地表达他们的需要和观点。其他一些人赞同严加其在1993年提出的联邦制度（中文报道、英文），08 宪章提出的也较类似。但是其他一些人辩称即使在民主制度中，强烈的民族主义 —— 特别是对于国家领土和民族优越性的强烈感情 —— 仍然存在。他们认为，即使在民主转型之后，汉族人也不愿接受藏族、维吾尔族和蒙古族的有意义的自治。因此，我们也不能想当然。一个皆大欢喜的结局有赖于政 治领袖、民间社会和其他人一起教育民众，推广有关自治、民族历史、平权等思想。

如果民主中国无法为这些族群提供有效的自治，他们也许仍然会寻求独立。谈到独立，对于民主国家来说，接受其领土内的族群的独立也很不寻常。因此，这在民主 中国也不大会发生，除非中国非常进步，思想开放。国际上，这种情况已经发生了改变 —— 英国允许苏格兰独立公决，加拿大1980年和1985年允许魁北克居民两次公决。当然，在20世纪中期，欧洲强权允许其大多数"蓝水"殖民地独立。但是美 国没有对夏威夷、波多黎各或阿拉斯加如此行事。对于民主大国，除非发生武力冲突，允许他们控制的邻近地区独立，这相当不寻常。

3. 对于自焚频繁发生，汉人的普遍性冷漠和强权的残酷镇压；个人与­社会应该如何面对这样的局面。

大概地讲，我们可以把对政治动乱的反应分为两类："外部"论和"内部"论。"外部"论认为，动乱是由外部挑起的，某种针对国家的阴谋或者反对某个主要族 群。其反应是镇压间谍、敌人、叛徒，封锁从外部势力送进来的信息，如果它找不到，国家可能会自己发明一些。"内部"论认为动乱是内部，局部对社会文化条件 的不满造成，它的反应是对这些关切进行研究，找到其源头，如果必要，修正这些政策。某些动乱可能同时有内部和外部因素，外部因素只会在内部因素已经存在的 情况下才能起作用——换而言之，如果人民相信政府聆听他们的关切，反政府运动不会有什么效果。因此我认为，只有"内部"论值得追随。这意味着，我们都应该 关注那些自焚的人们，他们的关切为何，解决他们试图提出的问题。

从这个角度看，我似乎认为，自焚是一些藏人给政府和社会送出的紧急信息，他们的社区对现状有着及其严重的关切。我认为，这些藏人采取这种方法，因为他们的 社区正面临着来自国家的极端压力，因为在中国社会，至少对于藏人而言，他们几乎无法送出批评政府的信息。我认为，自焚者有意识地试图避免大规模示威，因为 这往往导致暴力和伤害。因此，我认为中国知识分子和社会应该抓住这一机会鼓励中国学者、非政府组织、记者和知识分子，紧急对每个受到影响的社区展开研究， 研究他们为什么不满，在这些事件背后有什么缘由，就像2008年西藏骚乱之后公盟所做的研究报告那样。

要进行这样的研究，中国知识分子需要得到每个地区的藏人的帮助。他们需要显示自己的真诚和尊重，随着时间赢得藏人的信任；你不能仅仅进到藏区，期望人们告 诉你他们真正在想什么，如果不知道一些背景，一个人也不会完全理解人们说的东西。一个人必须要先做好准备，广泛阅读，认真听取很多人的意见，和藏族社会看 重的汉族和藏族专家交谈——不仅仅是那些在官方媒体上出现的专家。他/她必须保证保护地方信息来源，尊重他们的安全，不透露他们的名字和身份。但是，在目 前中国新的、动态的社会媒体环境中，中国知识分子和公民社会应该扮演极其建设性的角色，帮助政府、媒体等理解，在发生自焚事件的藏族社区，他们担忧什么。

4. 西藏独立运动，结果会怎么样，成功或是失败？会不会点燃中国内­地民主之火？

过去20年左右，藏族民族主义在中国急剧增长。一些人说，这是因为流亡藏人、西方支持者和藏语广播电台的活动，但是我们认为他们的角色相对而言较小：即使 没有他们的帮助，民族主义仍然会传播，因为在藏人中间，民族情绪的主要制造者是中国的政策。这一政策异常具有挑衅性，特别是在1994年的第三次西藏工作 会议之后，政府开始攻击一些文化和宗教价值 —— 此前，中国政府很少批评达赖喇嘛宗教领袖的角色，也不强迫藏人公开谴责他。所以这告诉我们，寻求独立是中国政策的反映。如果政策负责、有效，造福当地人 民，这些人不会想着要独立。

如果中国的西藏政策改善，对独立的要求就会消失。如果政策持续恶化，达赖喇嘛未达成任何解决方案就过世，未来二三十年可能会在西藏形成大的危机，甚至某种 程度的内战。也有可能因为水资源和边界冲突与印度开战，这并非不可能。这种发展很可怕，会有很多人丧生。如果出现这种情况，西藏可能独立，但是甚至这样也 非常不可能。如果这的确发生——尽管不太可能——共产党会完全失去可信度和权力。但是这可能不会带来一个民主中国。自布什时代以来，在英国和其他国家的帮 助下，美国干了很多蠢事，伤害了民主制度的可信度，我们不确信，未来民主制度是否仍然是政府管制的首选模型。因此，这儿有很多复杂的和不确定的因素。如果 有人想等着西藏独立，然后开始中国民主运动，他/她可能要等很长时间，会对结局感到失望。没有人希望战争。

考虑这个问题有个更有建设性、更微妙的方式。让我们此刻忘记这些后果，不管是独立还是有意义的自治——乌托邦的结局常常导致梦想、纠纷和冲突。在本例中， 更有用的事情是，让中国人民讨论目前的局势，他们与境内藏人的历史关系。主要讨论的问题包括：如何描述当前汉族和藏族，或者其他民族的关系？他们是社会主 义吗？他们平等吗？他们是否包括文化共存？如果进行发展，谁受益？是否有多种现代化模式？目前的关系是一种内部殖民吗？对这些问题的严肃讨论可以转化中国 各民族之间的关系。

此时此刻，像汪晖这样的重要的左派知识分子仍然在讨论西藏被西方文化代表，但是如果一位严肃的英国学者，不要说左派，按照美国文化的幻想和兴奋讨论爱尔兰 或者苏格兰局势，这不可思议。人们只会嘲笑他。一个人应该对历史和当前关系进行严肃的研究。这是后殖民主义试图做的事，尤其有助于我们目前的情况，因为这 主要是文化分析。因此，对于希望看到中国民主化的人们，他们应该鼓励在中国进行严肃讨论，讨论汉族和少数民族的关系。这类自我反省可以鼓励民主变化，比争 取独立要有效得多。

5. 您相信藏人的独立完全是个人行为吗？有什么被操纵或被煽动的迹象吗？

到目前为止，没有这种迹象。我认为，如果有什么外界操纵的迹象，中国政府早就告诉我们了。到目前为止，他们提供的唯一严肃的证据是，在某次自焚三天前，四 川阿坝有人把僧人的照片传送到印度（他因此被判刑）。但是这并未表明存在外部煽动。这仅仅表示，自焚者希望外部世界，最少他在印度的同伴，知道他的行为。 这并不奇怪。自焚的人们希望他人知道他们的行动；这是他们自焚的目的。

如果某位流亡藏人发送指令到西藏境内的人，告诉他们何时抗议，或者进行自焚，我看这不大可能，除非境内藏人对中国政府有强烈不满，这种指令不会生效。几个人说过，如果达赖喇嘛教导人们自焚（他不会这样做，因为他不同意这种抗议形式），会有成百上千的自焚抗议。

外部因素可能会有些影响，但是这仅仅是因为他们制造了一种气氛，这些气氛让境内藏人感觉，这些抗议是有效的。流亡藏人认为自焚者是英雄，为他们举行祈祷， 仅此而已。但是这并不令人惊奇，如果他们不这么做，他们会被视为冷酷无情。用藏语广播的外国电台，像自由亚洲电台和美国之音，也发挥了重要角色，因为他们 报道了藏人和全球人士抗议的新闻，给予他们的自焚文化价值和重要性。这构成了对自焚的一般影响，但是这与煽动或操纵很不一样。

本文版权属于译者和Robert Barnett共同所有。

【本帖转自译者网站。图片则从其他网站下载。】

发贴者 Woeser

His Holiness the Dalai Lama Honoured with Gold Medal

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May 19, 2012 9:26 am

His Holiness the Dalai Lama is presented with the Gold Medal of Klagenfurt by Mayor Christian Scheider in front of the Klagenfurt City Hall in Klagenfurt, Austria, on May 18, 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

18th May 2012, Klagenfurt, Austria
From his hotel overlooking the beautiful Wörthersee Lake His Holiness was driven this morning into the city of Klagenfurt, where many people were waiting to welcome him in front of the City Hall. The Klagenfurt City Band was playing as children proffered him gifts. The Governor of Carinthia and Mayor Christian Scheider made welcoming speeches before presenting him with the Gold Medal of Klagenfurt. His Holiness then inscribed the city’s guest book.
His Holiness said, “You have given me a very warm welcome, which I appreciate. Many members of the public have come here with warm hearts out of a sense of affection. Although there are many beautiful cities and pleasing environments in the world, the same kind of human beings live in them; on an emotional level there are no differences among them. On the other hand, the moment I start to think of myself as an Asian, a Tibetan, a Buddhist, it creates a kind of barrier between us.”

A group of children perform songs and dance for His Holiness the Dalai Lama in front of the Klagenfurt City Hall in Klagenfurt, Austria, on May 18, 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

He went on to say that as he nears 77 years of age, what he has learned in his life is that a calm mind is the source of stable, lasting happiness. He explained that today and tomorrow he would be giving lectures on Buddhism, but that he always stresses to people who belong to different religious traditions that it is important, and often safer, to stick to the religion they were born to. At the same time it can also be useful to learn from other traditions, for example methods for developing tolerance and compassion, and to apply them within your own.
Before he left for the venue of his lecture, the Klagenfurt Hall, a group of children danced and sang, while His Holiness beamed with pleasure. At the hall he remarked that although some teachers like to sit on thrones like holy men, he prefers to sit on a chair. Before beginning his teaching, he invited a couple of Theravadin monks to recite the Mangalam Sutra in Pali.
His Holiness remarked that, whether they do so explicitly or not, all our major religious traditions deal with the mind, with the cultivation of tolerance, forgiveness and compassion. Theistic traditions tend to focus on God the creator, and submission to God has the effect of reducing self-centredness. Buddhism and other non-theistic traditions tend to rely on the law of causality as grounds for taking responsibility for your actions. Buddhism in particular addresses self-centredness and arrogance but questioning the nature of the self.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama during his teachings at Klagenfurt Hall in Klagenfurt, Austria, on May 18, 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

A Sufi master His Holiness once met at a conference posed three questions to him. What is the self? Does the self have a beginning? And does the self have an end? His Holiness suggested that Buddhism offers answers different from those provided by other traditions, for example, only the Buddha’s teaching says there is no separate, intrinsic self. He told his listeners that the text he would begin with, the Heart Sutra, or the Essence of Wisdom, belongs to the Perfection of Wisdom teachings.
After a lunch break, the Carinthian Governor accompanied His Holiness to a meeting with the press. Invited to make a statement, he said he had three things to say. “I am a human being, so are you. We are all part of the 7 billion human beings on this planet. All of us want to live a happy life, which I believe depends on cultivating our natural inner values, rather than money and power. The true source of happiness is within ourselves and I call on the media to inform people about this.” His second point was that because all religious traditions carry essentially the same message about cultivating love, compassion, forgiveness and tolerance, we need to live together in an atmosphere of mutual respect. He cited India as a living example of a pluralistic society in which all the world’s major religious traditions live peaceably side by side. Again, he urged the media to bring this to public attention. His third point referred to the importance of the media in a democratic society. Media need to investigate what is really going on and to be honest, truthful and impartial.
Back in the teaching hall, His Holiness began to explain the Hear Sutra line by line, his words being translated into German, Italian and English. He said that the Perfection of Wisdom teachings to which the Heart Sutra belongs were given near the Indian town of Rajgir as part of what is known as the second turning of the wheel of Dharma. He pointed out that the third of the Four Noble Truths, the truth of the cessation of suffering can only be achieved by realizing wisdom, which in this case is the wisdom understanding emptiness of inherent existence and dependent arising.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking to members of the press in Klagenfurt, Austria, on May 18, 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Back at his hotel, before retiring for the day, His Holiness held a meeting with several local Christian leaders and the President of the Austrian Buddhist Society. He repeated his conviction that inter-religious harmony is essential, because each of our religious traditions gives its followers a sense of how to lead a meaningful life. However, he also made it clear that we can make a distinction between developing respect for other traditions and faith in them. Considering the crisis of values in the world, we need to take action rather than sitting quietly by. The important thing is to make religion relevant to our daily life rather than simply maintaining old traditions.
Tomorrow, His Holiness will begin the second day of teaching in Klagenfurt by offering a Medicine Buddha empowerment before continuing his explanation of the The Heart Sutra, Atisha’s Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment and 7th Dalai Lama’s Song of Four Mindfulness.

His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with religious leaders in Klagenfurt, Austria, on May 18, 2012. Photo/Tenzin Choejor/OHHDL

Report by Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama